The difference between municipal value and replacement value and why is it important in South Africa

Lake Properties            Lake Properties

Lake Properties           Lake Properties

Municipal Value vs. Replacement Value in South Africa

Property valuation is an essential aspect of property ownership, taxation, and insurance in South Africa. Two critical valuation methods are municipal value and replacement value, which serve different purposes. Understanding their differences is vital for homeowners, investors, and businesses to make informed financial decisions.

---

1. Municipal Value

Definition

The municipal value of a property is the estimated worth assigned by the local municipality for property taxation (rates) and municipal billing purposes. It is based on a valuation roll prepared every 4 to 5 years, in accordance with the Municipal Property Rates Act (MPRA) of 2004.

How It Is Determined

Municipal valuers assess the property using a mass valuation system, considering factors such as:

• Market trends: Recent sales of similar properties in the area.
• Property characteristics: Size, zoning, location, and use (residential, commercial, agricultural, etc.).
• Economic conditions: General property market fluctuations.

The municipal value is often lower than the actual market value because it may not fully account for demand and supply dynamics at a specific time.

Purpose & Importance

• Used for calculating property rates: Municipalities apply a rate-in-the-rand formula to determine the amount property owners must pay.
• Impacts affordability: An inflated municipal value results in higher rates and taxes, affecting homeowners’ financial obligations.
• Owners can object: If a property owner believes the valuation is incorrect, they can lodge an objection with the municipality and request a review.

---

2. Replacement Value

Definition

The replacement value is the estimated cost to rebuild or replace a property from scratch if it is damaged or destroyed. This value is mainly used for insurance purposes to ensure full restoration of the structure without financial loss.

How It Is Determined

Replacement value is calculated based on:

• Construction costs: The price of materials, labor, and design.
• Professional fees: Costs for architects, engineers, and contractors.
• Demolition and debris removal: Clearing of the damaged property before reconstruction.
• Location and accessibility: Some areas may have higher rebuilding costs due to transport or labor expenses.
• Inflation and market fluctuations: Rising construction costs impact the replacement value over time.

Purpose & Importance

• Ensures proper insurance coverage: If a homeowner underestimates the replacement value, they may not receive enough payout to rebuild after a disaster.
• Prevents financial losses: In cases of fire, floods, or structural failure, full coverage helps avoid out-of-pocket rebuilding costs.
• Updated periodically: Unlike municipal value, which is revised every few years, replacement value should be updated annually to reflect changing construction costs.

---

Key Differences

---

Why Is This Important in South Africa?

1. Property Rates & Taxes

• Many South African homeowners do not realize that their municipal valuation may not reflect the real market price of their property.
• If the municipal valuation is too high, they may end up paying excessive property rates.
• Property owners can formally object to their municipal valuation to reduce their tax burden.

2. Home Insurance & Financial Protection

• A miscalculated replacement value could leave a homeowner underinsured, meaning their insurance payout won’t be enough to rebuild after disasters such as fires, floods, or riots (as seen in South Africa in 2021).
• On the other hand, overestimating the replacement value could lead to unnecessarily high insurance premiums.

3. Property Investments & Sales

• Buyers should not rely on municipal valuations to determine a property’s worth, as these values often lag behind market trends.
• Instead, sellers and buyers should use a market valuation or bank valuation for property transactions.

---

Conclusion

Understanding the difference between municipal value and replacement value is crucial for South African property owners. Municipal value affects property taxes, while replacement value ensures adequate insurance coverage. Property owners should regularly review both to avoid overpaying in rates or being underinsured in case of disaster.

Lake Properties                     Lake Properties

Why do you need to scrutinize the finances and rules of a body corporate, before you buy into a complex in South Africa

Lake Properties                      Lake Properties

Lake Properties                     Lake Properties

Whenconsidering buying into a sectional title complex in South Africa, scrutinizing the finances and rules of the body corporate is crucial because they directly impact your financial obligations, property value, and quality of living. Here’s a more detailed breakdown:

1. Financial Health of the Body Corporate

The body corporate is responsible for managing the complex’s finances, which include maintaining common property, paying for utilities, and ensuring compliance with legal requirements. A financially stable body corporate ensures that these responsibilities are met efficiently.

• Check the Financial Statements: Review recent audited financial statements to determine if the body corporate is solvent.
• Look for Outstanding Debt: If owners have not been paying levies, it could mean a shortfall in funds, leading to financial instability.
• Reserve Fund & Maintenance Plan: The Sectional Titles Schemes Management Act (STSMA) requires a 10-year maintenance plan and a reserve fund to cover major repairs. A weak reserve fund could result in unexpected special levies.

2. Levies and Special Levies

Levies are regular contributions paid by unit owners to cover common expenses. If the body corporate is not financially stable, there may be sudden increases in levies or the introduction of special levies (one-time charges for urgent repairs or shortfalls).

• Compare levies to similar complexes: High levies may indicate mismanagement, while unusually low levies could mean the complex is underfunded.
• Check for pending special levies: If a large repair (e.g., roofing, painting) is needed but the reserve fund is insufficient, all owners might be asked to contribute large sums unexpectedly.

3. Maintenance and Upkeep of the Complex

A well-maintained complex retains its property value, while a neglected one deteriorates and decreases in value.

• Review the Maintenance Plan: The body corporate should have a structured 10-year plan for ongoing maintenance.
• Inspect the Complex: Look for signs of neglect, such as peeling paint, broken gates, or leaking roofs.
• Check Service Contracts: Ensure that service providers for security, cleaning, and gardening are being paid and are reliable.

4. Rules and Regulations

Each body corporate has a set of conduct and management rules that owners and tenants must follow. If you are not aware of them before purchasing, you may face restrictions that affect your lifestyle.

• Pet Policy: Some complexes do not allow pets or have strict rules about the type and number of pets.
• Short-term Rentals: If you plan to use your unit for Airbnb, check if this is allowed.
• Alterations & Renovations: Some body corporates have strict guidelines about making changes to your unit (e.g., exterior paint, balconies, satellite dishes).
• Parking & Visitors: Rules regarding visitor parking, designated spaces, and vehicle restrictions should be reviewed.

5. Legal and Compliance Issues

If a body corporate fails to comply with legal regulations, it could result in fines, legal disputes, or financial burdens for owners.

• Check for Ongoing Legal Disputes: If the body corporate is involved in lawsuits (e.g., disputes with developers, unpaid contractor fees), this could signal financial and governance issues.
• Ensure Compliance with the Sectional Titles Act & STSMA: The body corporate must hold annual general meetings (AGMs), maintain proper financial records, and follow legal procedures.

6. Impact on Property Value

A poorly managed body corporate can lead to declining property values due to:

• Lack of maintenance, making the complex less attractive to buyers.
• High levies discouraging potential investors.
• Legal and financial troubles making it difficult to sell a unit.

Conversely, a well-run body corporate enhances property value by ensuring good upkeep, financial stability, and a harmonious living environment.

Conclusion

Before purchasing in a sectional title scheme, request: 

✔️ The latest audited financial statements
✔️ AGM minutes (to see recent discussions           and concerns)
✔️ The rules and regulations document
✔️ The 10-year maintenance plan

By thoroughly reviewing these aspects, you protect yourself from unexpected costs, lifestyle restrictions, and potential losses

Lake Properties                      Lake Properties

Why do we need compliance certificates if you buy a house in South Africa.What does these certificates cover and what doesn't it cover

Lake Properties            Lake Properties

Lake Properties            Lake Properties

Why Do You Need Compliance Certificates When Buying a House in South Africa?

Compliance certificates are legally required when transferring ownership of a house in South Africa. These certificates ensure that critical systems in the property—such as electrical, water, gas, and pest control—comply with national safety regulations. They protect both the buyer (by ensuring they don’t inherit hidden hazards) and the seller (by preventing future liability claims).

Without these certificates, the property transfer process can be delayed or even blocked, as conveyancers and local authorities require them before finalizing the sale.

---

What Do Compliance Certificates Cover?

Each compliance certificate focuses on a specific system within the property to ensure it is safe and legally compliant. Here’s what each one includes:

1. Electrical Compliance Certificate (ECC)

Purpose: Ensures the property’s electrical system meets South African National Standards (SANS 10142).
What It Covers:

• Proper wiring of the electrical system.
• Safe installation of the distribution board, circuit breakers, and earthing system.
• Compliance of sockets, light fittings, and switches.
• Ensuring no illegal or unsafe electrical modifications.

What It Doesn’t Cover:

• It does not certify that electrical appliances (stoves, geysers, air conditioners) are in working condition.
• It does not include future maintenance or guarantee against electrical faults developing later.

---

2. Plumbing (Water) Compliance Certificate (Mandatory in certain areas like Cape Town)

Purpose: Verifies that the plumbing system is functional, safe, and free from illegal modifications.
What It Covers:

• Ensures the geyser installation meets safety regulations.
• Checks for leaks and water wastage.
• Confirms that the water meter is correctly installed and working.
• Ensures stormwater drainage is correctly managed and not illegally connected to the sewage system.

What It Doesn’t Cover:

• General wear and tear of pipes and fittings.
• Dripping taps, minor leaks, or blockages that may develop later.
• The structural integrity of underground pipes.

---

3. Beetle Infestation Clearance Certificate (Required mostly in coastal areas)

Purpose: Confirms that the property is free from wood-destroying insects such as termites and wood borers.
What It Covers:

• Wooden structures such as flooring, roof beams, and door frames.
• Pest inspection and treatment if necessary.

What It Doesn’t Cover:

• General pest control (e.g., rats, cockroaches, ants).
• Long-term prevention of wood infestations after the certificate is issued.

---

4. Gas Compliance Certificate

Purpose: Ensures that gas installations comply with safety regulations.
What It Covers:

• Fixed gas appliances (gas stoves, geysers, fireplaces).
• Proper installation of gas piping, regulators, and shut-off valves.
• Ensures no gas leaks are present.

What It Doesn’t Cover:

• Movable gas appliances (e.g., portable gas heaters).
• Future maintenance or repairs to the gas system.

---

5. Electric Fence Compliance Certificate (If the property has an electric fence)

Purpose: Verifies that the electric fence installation is safe and meets the necessary regulations.
What It Covers:

• Proper installation of the electric fence energizer.
• Safe voltage output that complies with regulations.
• Ensures the fence does not pose an unnecessary risk to humans or animals.

What It Doesn’t Cover:

• Maintenance of the fence after the certificate is issued.
• Physical condition of the fence (e.g., rusted wires or structural damage).

---

What Compliance Certificates Do Not Cover

While compliance certificates confirm legal and safety standards at the time of issue, they do not guarantee that:

• The house is free from hidden defects – They do not cover structural issues (such as cracks in walls, foundation problems, or a leaking roof).
• All fixtures and fittings are in good condition – They do not cover loose cupboard doors, broken windows, or missing tiles.
• Appliances are in working order – A stove or geyser may be compliant but not necessarily functional.
• The property will remain compliant in the future – Over time, electrical or plumbing systems may develop faults.

---

Why Are These Certificates Important?

1. Legal Requirement – Some certificates, such as the ECC and gas compliance certificate, are compulsory by law.
2. Buyer Protection – They ensure the property is safe and functional at the time of purchase.
3. Seller Protection – They prevent the seller from being held liable for post-sale issues.
4. Smooth Property Transfer – The sale cannot proceed without these certificates, so obtaining them in advance prevents delays.

Final Tip:

While compliance certificates ensure that certain aspects of the home meet safety standards, they are not a substitute for a full home inspection. Buyers should consider hiring a property inspector to check for other defects that compliance certificates do not cover.

Lake Properties                   Lake Properties

Inheritance Laws for Spouses in South Africa

Lake Properties            Lake Properties

Lake Properties           Lake Properties

Inheritance Laws for Spouses in South Africa

South Africa follows two types of succession:

1. Testate Succession (when there is a valid will)
2. Intestate Succession (when there is no will)

Inheritance rights depend on the existence of a will, the type of marriage, and the presence of children or other heirs.

---

1. If There Is a Will (Testate Succession)

If the deceased left a valid will, their estate is distributed according to the terms of that will.

Rights of a Spouse Under a Will:

• The will may allocate a portion or the entire estate to the spouse.
• A surviving spouse does not have an automatic claim unless specified in the will.
• If the spouse was financially dependent on the deceased, they may have a claim under the Maintenance of Surviving Spouses Act (Act 27 of 1990). This ensures that a surviving spouse can apply for reasonable maintenance from the estate if they are not adequately provided for.
• If the will is disputed (e.g., suspected undue influence, fraud, or incapacity of the testator), a spouse may challenge it in court.

---

2. If There Is No Will (Intestate Succession Act, 1987)

When a person dies without a will, the Intestate Succession Act, 1987 determines how their estate is distributed. The spouse is the primary heir, but their share depends on whether there are children.

Spouse’s Share Under Intestate Succession:

• If there are no children, the spouse inherits everything.
• If there are children, the spouse receives either R250,000 or a child’s share, whichever is greater.
  • A child’s share is calculated by dividing the estate equally among the spouse and all children.
  • Example: If the estate is R1.2 million and the deceased left a spouse and three children, the estate is divided into four equal shares (one for the spouse and three for the children). If each share is more than R250,000, the spouse receives that share. Otherwise, the spouse gets R250,000, and the rest is divided among the children.
• If there are no children, parents, or siblings, the spouse inherits everything.

---

3. How Marriage Type Affects Inheritance

South African law recognizes different marriage regimes, which influence inheritance rights:

(a) Marriage in Community of Property

• The spouses jointly own all assets and debts in the marriage.
• When one spouse dies, the surviving spouse automatically owns 50% of the joint estate.
• The remaining 50% is distributed according to the will or intestate succession if there is no will.

(b) Marriage Out of Community of Property (With Accrual System)

• Each spouse has a separate estate, but the spouse with lower estate growth has a claim for a portion of the difference between their estates upon death.
• The surviving spouse may inherit more based on the will or intestate succession.

(c) Marriage Out of Community of Property (Without Accrual System)

• Each spouse has a completely separate estate.
• The surviving spouse only inherits what is specified in the will or what they are entitled to under intestate succession.

---

4. Customary Marriages and Inheritance

Customary marriages are legally recognized under the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act, 1998. The same inheritance laws apply, but with a few special rules:

• If a man was in a polygamous customary marriage, the estate is divided among all wives and children equitably under intestate succession.
• The court may intervene to ensure a fair distribution among multiple wives.

---

5. Protection for Surviving Spouses

South African law provides additional protection for surviving spouses:

(a) Maintenance of Surviving Spouses Act (1990)

• If a surviving spouse is left with insufficient financial resources, they can apply for maintenance from the deceased’s estate.
• This applies even if they were left out of the will.

(b) Housing Rights Under the Intestate Succession Act

• If the marital home was owned by the deceased, the surviving spouse can apply to live there for a period determined by the court.

---

6. What Happens If a Spouse Remarries?

• If a surviving spouse inherits assets, they keep them even if they remarry.
• However, maintenance from the estate may be terminated upon remarriage.

---

Example Scenarios

Scenario 1: Husband Dies Without a Will, Leaving a Wife and Two Children

• The estate is worth R900,000.
• The spouse’s guaranteed minimum is R250,000.
• A child’s share is calculated as R900,000 ÷ 3 = R300,000.
• Since the child’s share is greater than R250,000, the spouse gets R300,000, and each child gets R300,000.

Scenario 2: Wife Dies, Leaving a Will That Excludes Her Husband

• The husband can still apply for maintenance if he was financially dependent on her.
• If they were married in community of property, he automatically owns 50% of the joint estate.

---

Key Takeaways

1. With a will: The spouse inherits based on the terms of the will, but may claim maintenance if left with no support.
2. Without a will: The spouse inherits everything if there are no children; otherwise, they get R250,000 or a child’s share, whichever is greater.
3. Marriage regime matters:
   • Community of property: Spouse owns 50% automatically.
   • Out of community with accrual: Spouse may claim part of the estate.
   • Out of community without accrual: Spouse only inherits what is legally allocated.
4. Customary marriages are legally recognized, with special considerations for polygamous marriages.
   

Lake Properties                      Lake Properties

What is the cooling off clause in terms of housing and when does it apply in South African law

Lake Properties            Lake Properties

Lake Properties           Lake Properties

Cooling-Off Clause in South African Housing Law: A Detailed Explanation

The cooling-off clause provides a legal right for buyers of residential property to cancel the sale within five business days without facing penalties. This is meant to protect buyers from making impulsive decisions, especially for lower-value properties.

---

Legal Basis: Section 29A of the Alienation of Land Act 68 of 1981

1. When Does the Cooling-Off Clause Apply?
The clause applies if the following conditions are met:
✅ Property Type: The sale involves residential property (not commercial or agricultural land).
✅ Purchase Price: The property costs R250,000 or less (as per law).
✅ Cancellation Period: The buyer cancels within five business days from signing the Offer to Purchase (OTP).
✅ Buyer is a Natural Person: The buyer must be an individual (natural person), not a company, trust, or close corporation.

2. How Does the Buyer Cancel?
To cancel the purchase under the cooling-off clause, the buyer must:

• Give written notice of cancellation to the seller or estate agent.
• Ensure it is done within five business days from signing the OTP.
• There is no need to provide a reason for the cancellation.

3. What Happens After Cancellation?

• The buyer gets a full refund of any deposit paid.
• The seller cannot charge penalties or hold the buyer liable for damages.
• The sale agreement is considered null and void, as if it never happened.

---

When Does the Cooling-Off Clause NOT Apply?

❌ Property Price is More Than R250,000 – If the property exceeds this amount, the buyer cannot cancel under Section 29A.

❌ Auction Sales – If the property was bought at an auction, the cooling-off period does not apply.

❌ Company or Trust as Buyer – The cooling-off period is only for individuals, so companies and trusts cannot use it.

❌ If the Buyer Waived Their Right – Some contracts may have clauses where the buyer explicitly waives the cooling-off right.

❌ After Five Business Days – If the buyer waits too long, they lose the right to cancel without penalties.

---

Difference Between the CPA and the Alienation of Land Act

Some buyers confuse the Consumer Protection Act (CPA) cooling-off period (Section 16) with Section 29A of the Alienation of Land Act:

---

Practical Example

Imagine a buyer, Thabo, signs an Offer to Purchase (OTP) for a house worth R200,000 on a Monday. Two days later, he changes his mind. Since the property is below R250,000 and within five business days, he can send a written cancellation to the seller and get his deposit back without penalties.

However, if the property was worth R500,000, Thabo cannot use the cooling-off clause and would need to negotiate with the seller or face possible penalties.

---

Key Takeaways

✔ The cooling-off clause applies only to residential property under R250,000.
✔ Buyers have five business days to cancel after signing the OTP.
✔ The buyer must be a natural person (not a company or trust).
✔ The seller must refund any deposit without penalties.
✔ It does not apply to auctions, companies, or properties above R250,000.

Lake Properties                  Lake Properties

What are reverse mortgage and do we use it in South Africa

Lake Properties            Lake Properties

Lake Properties           Lake Properties

Reverse Mortgages in South Africa (Equity Release Products)

In South Africa, reverse mortgages are not as widely used as in countries like the United States or the UK, but they do exist in the form of equity release or home reversion plans. These financial products allow retirees to access the value of their homes without selling them outright.

How Reverse Mortgages Work

1. Eligibility: Typically available to homeowners aged 60 and older who own their homes outright or have a low outstanding bond.
2. Loan Structure: Instead of monthly repayments, the loan is repaid when the homeowner sells the property, moves into long-term care, or passes away.
3. Payment Options:
   • A lump sum
   • Monthly payments
   • A line of credit that can be drawn upon as needed
4. Interest Accrual: Interest accumulates over time, increasing the total amount owed. This can significantly reduce the inheritance left to heirs.
5. Loan Repayment: The debt is settled from the proceeds when the property is eventually sold.

Institutions Offering Reverse Mortgages in South Africa

Some South African financial institutions offer equity release options, though they are not as widely advertised as traditional home loans. Some options include:

• ABSA and Nedbank have historically explored pension-backed loans, though these differ from pure reverse mortgages.
• Retirement-focused financial services providers, such as niche equity release firms, sometimes offer home reversion schemes where they buy a share of the property in exchange for a lump sum or monthly income.
• Private lenders may provide tailored equity release solutions, though terms vary widely.

Pros and Cons of Reverse Mortgages in South Africa

✅ Pros:

• Allows retirees to unlock home equity without selling.
• No monthly repayments required.
• Homeowners can continue living in their property.

❌ Cons:

• Interest compounds, increasing the debt over time.
• Fewer institutions offer these products compared to traditional home loans.
• Can reduce the inheritance left to family members.
• Some products have high fees and complex terms.

Alternatives to Reverse Mortgages

• Downsizing: Selling a larger home and buying a smaller, more affordable property.
• Home Reversion Plans: Selling part of the home while retaining the right to live in it.
• Pension-Backed Loans: Using retirement savings as collateral for a loan.

Lake Properties                       Lake Properties

How will my estate be wound up if I pass on without being in a formal marriage. What will happen if I have children.

Lake Properties                    Lake Properties

Lake Properties                       Lake Properties
In South Africa, when a person passes away without a valid will, their estate is handled according to the Intestate Succession Act 81 of 1987. Since you are not in a formal marriage, the law will distribute your estate in a specific order. Here’s a detailed breakdown of what will happen:

---

1. Your Children Will Inherit First

If you have biological or legally adopted children, they will inherit your estate in equal shares.

• If you have one child, they inherit everything.
• If you have multiple children, they each get an equal portion.
• If a child has passed away before you, their share will go to their children (your grandchildren).

Minors & the Guardian’s Fund

If any of your children are under 18, their inheritance will be held in the Guardian’s Fund, which is managed by the Master of the High Court.

• The money will be kept until they turn 18 years old.
• The appointed guardian can apply for funds to cover the child’s living and education expenses.

---

2. What If You Have a Life Partner? (Unmarried Relationship)

South African law does not automatically recognize unmarried life partners as heirs under intestate succession.

• If you do not have a will, your partner will not inherit anything.
• The only way your partner can inherit is if you have a valid will naming them as a beneficiary.

Maintenance Claim for a Surviving Partner

If your partner was financially dependent on you, they may be able to claim maintenance from your estate under the Maintenance of Surviving Spouses Act, but this is not guaranteed and requires a legal process.

---

3. If You Have No Children

If you do not have children, your estate will pass to:

1. Your parents (if they are alive).
2. If your parents are deceased, then to your siblings.
3. If you have no siblings, it will go to extended family members (grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins).
4. If no living relatives are found, your estate will go to the state (government).

---

4. Other Important Aspects

Customary or Religious Marriages

• If you were in a customary marriage (under African Customary Law), and it was registered, your spouse may inherit.
• If your relationship was based on religious marriage (e.g., Muslim or Hindu marriage) but was not legally registered, your spouse may not automatically inherit.

Cohabitation Agreements

If you and your partner have a cohabitation agreement, it may help them claim certain assets, but it will not override intestate succession laws.

---

5. What Should You Do?

Draft a Will

To ensure your estate is distributed according to your wishes, you should create a valid will. This allows you to:
✔ Leave assets to your partner, children, or other loved ones.
✔ Prevent unnecessary legal battles.
✔ Appoint a guardian for minor children.
✔ Avoid delays in winding up your estate.

Lake Properties                    Lake Properties

How will my estate be wound up if I pass on without being in a formal marriage. What will happen if I have children.

Lake Properties                    Lake Properties

Lake Properties                       Lake Properties
In South Africa, when a person passes away without a valid will, their estate is handled according to the Intestate Succession Act 81 of 1987. Since you are not in a formal marriage, the law will distribute your estate in a specific order. Here’s a detailed breakdown of what will happen:

---

1. Your Children Will Inherit First

If you have biological or legally adopted children, they will inherit your estate in equal shares.

• If you have one child, they inherit everything.
• If you have multiple children, they each get an equal portion.
• If a child has passed away before you, their share will go to their children (your grandchildren).

Minors & the Guardian’s Fund

If any of your children are under 18, their inheritance will be held in the Guardian’s Fund, which is managed by the Master of the High Court.

• The money will be kept until they turn 18 years old.
• The appointed guardian can apply for funds to cover the child’s living and education expenses.

---

2. What If You Have a Life Partner? (Unmarried Relationship)

South African law does not automatically recognize unmarried life partners as heirs under intestate succession.

• If you do not have a will, your partner will not inherit anything.
• The only way your partner can inherit is if you have a valid will naming them as a beneficiary.

Maintenance Claim for a Surviving Partner

If your partner was financially dependent on you, they may be able to claim maintenance from your estate under the Maintenance of Surviving Spouses Act, but this is not guaranteed and requires a legal process.

---

3. If You Have No Children

If you do not have children, your estate will pass to:

1. Your parents (if they are alive).
2. If your parents are deceased, then to your siblings.
3. If you have no siblings, it will go to extended family members (grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins).
4. If no living relatives are found, your estate will go to the state (government).

---

4. Other Important Aspects

Customary or Religious Marriages

• If you were in a customary marriage (under African Customary Law), and it was registered, your spouse may inherit.
• If your relationship was based on religious marriage (e.g., Muslim or Hindu marriage) but was not legally registered, your spouse may not automatically inherit.

Cohabitation Agreements

If you and your partner have a cohabitation agreement, it may help them claim certain assets, but it will not override intestate succession laws.

---

5. What Should You Do?

Draft a Will

To ensure your estate is distributed according to your wishes, you should create a valid will. This allows you to:
✔ Leave assets to your partner, children, or other loved ones.
✔ Prevent unnecessary legal battles.
✔ Appoint a guardian for minor children.
✔ Avoid delays in winding up your estate.

Lake Properties                    Lake Properties